Dec 27, 2012

The great Maoist game


By DR. DINESH BHATTARAI

The ever-shifting Maoist goalposts hint at their insincerity to the democratic process.

In 2006, after a decade of bloody violence that cost 18,000 lives, the Maoists realized the futility of their course and abandoned arms. But that came not before the conflict had devastated infrastructure, broken many Nepali homes and torn the fabric of the society. A year earlier in Chunwang, the Maoists had decided to give up the path of armed struggle against the existing state power and taken ‘concrete steps’ towards accepting multiparty democracy. This paved the way for the much hyped 12-point understanding with the parliamentary parties in November 2005.

The 12-point understanding is often cited as the start of the journey to peace through restructuring of the state, with the goal of resolving the problems of exclusion of underprivileged groups. The Maoists made a common cause with the mainstream parties and identified monarchy as the main hurdle to democracy, peace, prosperity and social advancement. The agreement secured Maoist commitments on “democratic norms and values, including competitive multiparty system of governance, civil liberties, fundamental rights, human rights and rule of law.” All these points have been repeated in subsequent agreements the Maoists have signed.

Parliamentary parties, for their part, moved away from their founding principles and accommodated Maoist demands in all these accords. But the Maoists have kept changing their positions. Shifting the goal posts, changing positions at every meeting and springing surprises at the last moment have left their negotiating partners scratching their heads. There is no dearth of evidence on how the Maoists have deviated from their promise to deliver. It is perplexing that a government which came through constitutional path has completely sidelined the democratic path. This is exemplified in the proliferation of confounding issues in the six years of peace process; the absolute number is greater than the number of problems that arose during the entire period of insurgency.

Six years on, frequent changing of positions by the Maoists threatens the very essence of the peace process. Their actions demonstrate that they have not only changed goal posts, but are thinking about shifting the whole stadium, where commitments to peace, democracy and human rights are sorely missing. They have flip-flopped consistently. The dissolution of the Constituent Assembly, which was the only deterrent to Maoist goal of totalitarianism, put an end to the existence of the most representative institution in the nation’s history, achieved after six decades of struggle. This has weakened state authority and paralyzed constitutional bodies to the advantage of those who want to push the country to the brink. Madheshi leaders, who had strong democratic credentials, have undermined themselves by typing up with their ideological rivals in the Maoists. Analysts describe the alliance as a cynical strategy to achieve their long-term goal of absolute power; and as playing with fire over the dry tinder of identity politics. This has begun to raise serious questions about the intention and commitment of the Madhesi parties towards democratic norms.

At this critical juncture, one of the signatories to the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA), Pushpa Kamal Dahal aka Prachanda, has marred the atmosphere of trust by trying to be everything to everyone. He has been proven to be a man of words, but no action. Also, going by his speeches, Prime Minister Babubam Bhattarai appears to be a conceited and arrogant person. What was needed at this difficult juncture was a leader of exceptional courage who could stand honorably and carry out bold actions in favor of the country.

National life remains poisoned and polluted. Nepotism is at an all-time high. There is a great moral contamination in the country. The prime minister pretends to be greatly concerned about growing corruption, nepotism and embezzlement of billions of rupees (even by his own party), but seems helpless when it comes to taking action against the guilty. This has led to a stagnant economy, stifled development and erosion in Nepal’s commitment and credibility on the external front. For the Maoists, promises, in the famous words of Lenin, are “piecrusts made to be broken.” Chaos, confusion, disorder, deception, unpredictability and subversion, they are all tools for the Maoists to nurture the plant of authoritarianism.

There can be no politics as usual any more. Never has there been a moment in the history of Nepal, when so much is happening at the same time. Leaders are squabbling without fully realizing the far-reaching consequences of continued deadlock. Hard times call for political dexterity. Nepal is located in a dynamic region and leaders need to realize its importance in the emerging world order. Given the gravity of the situation in the country, it is time for the political leaders to rise to the occasion, overcome the political gridlock and make tough decisions for the sake of the country.

A well functioning democracy is an antidote to protracted transition and political fluidity. Political scientist Seymour Martin Lipset has observed, “Democratic norms require a willingness to accept political defeat; to leave office upon losing an election, to follow rules even when they work against one’s interests.” Will the Maoists with the fire in the belly be ready to accept these democratic norms? It seems unlikely.

They started their armed conflict with the functioning democratic system at its target. The Maoists consider democratic principles, norms and values a serious threat to their beliefs. The present distraction created by constantly changing goal posts is a part of their effort at distorting the core message of the peace process, premised on the fundamentals of democracy, republic and federalism. Democratic values are the basis of Nepali society. After seven decades of arduous sacrifices for democracy, what could be more ironic than a total absence of democratic institutions in the country?

It is most unfortunate to see neither peace nor a viable political process more than six years after the end of the insurgency. Government leadership has sabotaged constitution writing through CA, and put the goal of making the people sovereign and institutionalization of democratic achievements in deep freeze. It seems the country is back at the starting point. It is a national tragedy to have to live with prolonged deadlock at a time when the country could have immensely benefited from the economic dynamism in the neighborhood.

The crux of the problem is that leaders in Nepal have failed to lead by example. There has been a total failure of leadership in managing changes. Once again, the vital engine for successful change is non-partisan, visionary, effective, courageous and transformational leadership. A functioning democracy alone can handle the growing contests of foreign powers in the country. There is no alternative to democracy as a safeguard from a future pandemonium. Towards this end, fresh mandate at the earliest in a free and fair manner is the only way out of the current deadlock.

The author is a former ambassador of Nepal to the United Nations

Courtesy: My Republica

Nepal is Iraq

Nepal: THE MISSING DYNAMICS OF PEACE PROCESS:

Nepal: THE MISSING DYNAMICS OF PEACE PROCESS:

Dec 24, 2012

Accept that Ballot and Bullet can't go together


By Deepak Gajurel





An analysis of the fundamental reasons behind the current political imbroglio, and most promising solutions for a stable and democratic Nepal.

Please click on the following link to listen or download the MP3 audio file, which was broadcast by British Force Broadcasting Service (BFBS - 105.7 FM in Kathmandu) on December 20, 2012 (Paush05, 2069).

The link:

Dec 20, 2012

The Only Way Out of the Current Political Mess

By Deepak Gajurel

An analysis on the solution to the current political mess.

Please click on the following link to listen or download an analysis which was broadcast live by Gorkha FM on December 18, 2012.


Oct 7, 2012

Religions: Interesting Facts!


Christianity … One Christ, One Bible Religion…

But the Latin Catholic will not enter Syrian Catholic Church.

These two will not enter Marthoma Church.

These three will not enter Pentecost Church.

These four will not enter Salvation Army Church.

These five will no enter Seventh Day Adventist Church.

These six will not enter Orthodox Church.

These seven will not enter Jacobite church.

Like this there are 146 castes in Kerala alone for Christianity,

each will never share their churches for fellow Christians!

One Christ, One Bible, One Jehovah???

Now Muslims..! One Allah, One Quran, One Nebi....! Great unity?

Among Muslims, Shia and Sunni kill each other in all the Muslim countries.

The religious riot in most Muslim countries is always between these two sects.

The Shia will not go to Sunni Mosque.

These two will not go to Ahamadiya Mosque.

These three will not go to Sufi Mosque.

These four will not go to Mujahiddin mosque.

Like this it appears there are 13 castes in Muslims.

The Turks conquered the Arabs...the Arabs killed the Turks and the Iranis. In recent times, Iraq invaded Kuwait, Iraq and Iran fought with each other killing each other brutally. Iraqis killed the Kurds...the Afghans killed the Afghans..Pakistanis butchered Bangladeshis

They are always killing / bombing/conquering/ massacring/. .. each other !

The American attack on Iraq was fully supported by all the Muslim countries surrounding Iraq !

One Allah, One Quran, One Nebi....????

Hindus -

They have 1,280 Religious Books, 10,000 Commentaries, more than 100,000 sub-commentaries for these foundation books, innumerable presentations of one God, variety of Aacharyas, thousands of Rishies, hundreds of languages.

Still they all go to All other TEMPLES and they are peaceful and tolerant and seek unity with others by inviting them to worship with them whatever God they wish to pray for!
Hindus have never quarelled with one another in the name of religion. There may be social disputes, language disputes, economic disputes but not religious disputes.

Source: Anonymous

Oct 2, 2012

'рдоाрд▓े-рдорд╕ाрд▓े-рдордг्рдбрд▓े’ рд░ рд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░िрдпрддा

'рдоाрд▓े-рдорд╕ाрд▓े-рдордг्рдбрд▓े’ рд░ рд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░िрдпрддा 

рднрд░рдд рджाрд╣ाрд▓

European Crisis Management – Are the Remedies Effective or Dangerously Flawed?



By Prof. Tone Bleie, Director Centre for Peace Studies, University of Tromso and
Dev Raj Dahal, Head, FES Nepal

Introduction
Nepal’s post war politics and economy in these days is characterized by political crisis, poisonous mistrust between rulers and citizens, interference by foreign forces, deepening inequality, and economic stagnation as a result of state weakness, brain drain and capital flight. 

From the vantage points of toiling workers in the still swelling informal urban and rural agricultural and non-agricultural sectors, of somewhat better-off unionized workers or the small class of stone-rich industrialists, the unfolding crisis in the European Union(EU) may seem distant from these ground realties in Nepal. Perhaps the affluent aid intermediaries in the government and NGOs are the only in Nepalese who so far are alarmed. Indeed, there are good reasons for worry that assistance from important donors like Denmark, the UK and Germany may shrink - if the crisis persists. Reduction in Nepal’s aid volume is one probable outcome, which arguably might be far from wholly negative from a sustainability perspective.  Europe’s woes and prospects of recovery may expose both Europe’s and Nepal’s integration in a capitalist system which places exploitation of labor and nature above human dignity, welfare, democracy and a sustainable future for coming generations. Europe is no longer a bastion of prosperity and stability, where steady growth is a means of redistributed welfare from cradle to grave. Even super-affluent Norway, is likely to soon face painful crisis management dilemma.   

Labor Rights under Attack
Europe’s political mandarins are cutting minimum wages, pensions and social safety nets to save private banks and the euro, the European common currency. The saying goes that populations have lived too opulently, the welfare systems are irresponsibly generous and need to be drastically reduced. The labor movements in the Germany, France and Greece, for example, have to variable degree forged compromise or mobilized on the streets against the onslaught on workers’ welfare. Huge groups of workers and pensioners find their entitlements and incomes slashed. Importantly, in reality, this recent rapid declines in real wages is a last spurt, following decades of only moderate wage rises or stagnant wages, as the relative wage proportion of the Gross Domestic Product has fallen steadily. The differences behind this development inside and outside of EU (in Norway the high profits from oil and gas production have to be factored in) the overall trend of decline is similar. When workers and households earn less they have in recent decades borrowed for consumption and investment (i.e. housing and enterprise).  For long, the banks profited greatly, while ordinary citizen got indebted. When the borrowing party came to a crash landing, commercial banks faced massive losses.

Nevertheless, leading political players in EU and the finance executives – in spite of evidence to the contrary - continue to argue that too powerful labor unions, overgenerous safety nets and high wages “damage” economic growth.  The reality is that in many European countries the percentage of workers being unionized have declined dramatically since the rise of Thatcherism in the late 1970s and early 1980s, which has led to a depression of workers’ real wages.  What is under communicated in public debates is that most governments in EU, and even Norway’s center-left government, gave enormous financial support to the commercial banking sector in the crisis years 2007-2008.  Some EU states like Spain got huge cheap loans from the European Central Bank and the International Monetary Fund, many others borrowed massively at higher interests from private banks.     

These loans had to be paid the following fiscal years, creating deficits in public budgets and unleashing an escalating crisis which sought to be handled “responsibly”. What happens if the current crisis management is not only insufficient, but also out rightly flawed? 

Blinkered Capitalism at Play
We see a dramatic development of austerity measures and erosion of popular power, which is potentially self-destructive for the capitalist economy. This development is characterized by the EU politicians’  generosity towards private banks, and acceptance of the conditionality that the states have to cut their public budgets dramatically.  Spain is an illustrative example with massive downsizing of allocations to education and health. In Greece and Portugal, the size of pensions for workers and public employers make basic necessities of life increasingly unaffordable. Elderly and unemployed of all ages flock to street clinics and kitchens run by charity-based and voluntary associations. The unemployment rates among youths are soaring to over 50 percent in the worst affected countries such as Spain and Greece. Hard hit are also university graduates who can’t repay their back-breaking debt, and are desperate to grab opportunities to migrate to relatively unaffected EU countries such as the Netherlands and Germany, or to super-affluent Norway. It is no longer the welfare or faith of the electorate or citizens which characterizes political rhetoric, but the important “trust in the free market.” Another effect is declining tax incomes, which make debt repayment harder and subsidy to social security measures weak.

The current trends of imposed conditionality on the state for approval of loans to private banks, tacit acceptance of soaring unemployment, service cuts, shifts of the reproductive burden to civil society organizations and the family (and women in particular), are not very dissimilar to the neo-liberal monetary policies imposed on Nepal and most other developing countries since the last 20-25 years that bred unemployment, poverty, inequality and increasing social crises. In the EU states (as indeed in the US) the real economy and labor have become “gold mines” for the overblown finance capital sector.

Democratic Deficit
This Fiscal Stability Treaty signed by all EU countries except the UK and Czech Republic on 2 March 2012, seems to secure its ratification by January 2013 from at least 12 countries for its legitimacy.  This treaty sets a so-called “golden rule” for the budgets of all member countries. This rule implies that structural deficits (budget deficit adjusted for fluctuations) have to be corrected by decision of Supreme Courts, not by parliaments.  The reforms will have to be cuts in social services and labor markets reforms. The crisis fund (to be led by finance ministers) is authorized to mobilize funds from the member countries and the finance markets (subject to the ratings of the rather non-transparent credit bureaus). A member is irrevocably and without conditions obliged to provide financial contributions. If a country needs financial help, it is the EU Commission and the European Central Bank, together with IMF, which decide if the public debt to an applicant country is “sustainable” and what “the real need” for financing is.  What seems to be underway is a non-reversible transfer of sovereignty (from parliaments and treasuries) to these institutions. The Treaty undermines the sovereignty of parliamentarians in the EU to decide the incomes and expenditures, and transfer powers to the EU Commission, the EU Court and the managers of the crisis fund.

What appears to be unfolding is a new phase of building down Europe’s democratic institutions and welfare systems, a process which got kick-started with the Maastricht treaty in 1992 and has been notably reinforced in various EU Summits since the early 2000s.

Norway’s Exceptionalism – Will it Last?
Norway is a non-EU country, known worldwide for trust and closeness between elected politicians, bureaucrats and citizenry, a well-functioning social democracy and a high level of development aid. It’s this week 40 years since the first of two popular referendums with a No-majority vote against membership in the EU. The popular skepticism against the weak democratic foundations of the union and the intractability and unaccountability of the EUs powerful technocrats and bureaucrats have oscillated, but is currently again getting very strong. The pro-EU camp is currently conspicuously silent. It is a small nation of five million citizens and its progress is mainly attributable to its governance models for harnessing of its white (water) and black (oil and gas) “gold.” While the thriving off-shore industry provides the state coffer with vast daily income, it is just a matter of time before the mainland-based economy will be affected by the crisis. Many Norwegians have accumulated debts about double of their annual gross income and risk facing severe payment problems if the rent level on loans rise and the inflated housing market face a down-turn. Norwegians might right now be Europe’s most optimistic citizens, having a low unemployment rate and continuing a lavish consumerist lifestyle, aided by very low bank rents and decent income rises, due to a largely intact corporate negotiation system(between the state and the labor organizations).

This system has withstood the otherwise strong influence of liberalist management models in the public sector. The per cent of GDP which goes to development cooperation remains one of the highest in the world. With a predominantly public education system, including a free university education, the universities are attractive study destination for youths from crisis-affected Europe and developing countries like Nepal. If student fees are adapted to Swedish universities’ standards, there are proponents arguing that Norway cannot remain “an odd outpost” in a globalized world of market-driven education. Should the upcoming parliamentary election result (as it look in opinion polls right now) in a shift of government and the new coalition government include the populist Progress Party (Framskrittpartiet), the era of fee university education might be over and Norway may no longer be a world champion of development assistance. A recent evaluation of Norwegian development cooperation with Afghanistan 2001-2011 concludes that the effects on sustainable peace and security are at best elusive. This conclusion fits conveniently the Progress Party’s rhetoric that development cooperation is a waste of public funds.  Both these not unlikely developments should be noticed in Nepal.

Conclusion
The question today for Nepal is to how best forge its own model of governance, which  incorporates basic dimensions of democratic qualities, such as transparency, accountability and inclusion of a diverse citizenry, learning from its own mistakes and from the unfolding crisis management in both EU and non-EU countries. The “medicine”  being applied in EU is not only “too little too late”, but a flawed liberalist solution. It stimulates only the –supply-side of the economy –putting several European democracies, welfare states and peoples under dramatic strains, not the demand side Keynesianism. The EU members with strong legacies of social democracy, such as Germany, Sweden, Denmark and Finland play separate roles in the unfolding political drama and pursue different coping strategies balancing sovereignty and integration. Norway has so far escaped the crisis. With a legacy of people’s sovereignty and referendums ending in majority votes against EU membership, the country is nevertheless integrated in EU’s inner market through a comprehensive trade agreement and will increasingly face pressure against its painstakingly built social democratic institutions. A least developed country like Nepal is still far more vulnerable, because of its weak public institutions, personalized party system and civil society and misuse of economic resources. The crisis has hit the “old social contract,” while the recent political in-fighting over state control and erosion of legitimacy of the old state edifice, have hindered a new convergence into a genuine national system of an accommodative state, real economy and full citizenship. The warning message from the European scene is that unilateral adjustment of labor and poor citizens can incubate a model for authoritarian cannibalistic capitalism, political extremism, a weakened state and defective democracies.

Nepalese crisis management must reorient the economy to production of basic needs to stem the impending food crisis, modernize informal sectors (as an entry point for agro-based industries) and look at areas of competitive and comparative advantages for the production and export of goods. The unfolding failure of the neo-liberal experience requires more reflection and analysis by Nepalese planners and policy makers of the cost of deviating from “the golden mean” and to understand the limits of external conditionality to its indigenous development and post-liberal constitutionalism. A more self-reflective learning from the still stable, but not flawless social democracies of Europe, tells us how democratic values, institutions and a demand-driven economy need to balance better private profits and public goods. Our ultimate concern should be how to enhance the self-dignity of a diverse citizenry and to improve the conditions of majority of poor adults and children - making them the real owners and beneficiaries of a rule-governed regime led by true and humble democrats. Crisis fluctuations seem to be an inbuilt feature of the capitalist system. But its current destructive character even in the Euro-Atlantic so-called advanced countries should make us realize it soon no longer business as usual.

Source: The Reporter Weekly, October 1, 2012

Sep 25, 2012

Why now? Mysterious visit by Chinese defence minister



By Anil Athale

The low profile nature of the visit and media's virtual silence could well have been orchestrated by the Indian government. But the visit indeed ought to be taken seriously and an analysis of the possible motivations and likely discussions between the two sides is necessary as it can directly affect national security, says Colonel (retd) Anil Athale.
Even by the dismal Indian media standards, (where on television a boy being slapped in a Delhi school is 'breaking national news') the silence and absence of comment over the recent five-day visit (September 3-8) by the Chinese defence minister was an extraordinary occurrence.

The fact that General Liang Guanglie's visit was the first one after eight years and took place at the time of rising tensions in South China Sea, ought to have elicited comment in the national media. It seems that the visit was almost treated like a 'secret' visit! While the Indian media was silent, the officially controlled Chinese media gave it due prominence. True to the Chinese way of doing things, there was no joint statement or press conference at the end of the meeting.

The low profile nature of the visit and media's virtual silence could well have been orchestrated by the Indian government. But the visit indeed ought to be taken seriously and an analysis of the possible motivations and likely discussions between the two sides is necessary as it can directly affect national security.

The Chinese defence minister did not come directly to India but had a stopover in Colombo in Sri Lanka. This was the Chinese way to convey to Indians that they treat India as just one of the South Asian countries not meriting any special treatment. Earlier, the Chinese Vice President  Xi Jinping, widely regarded as successor to the current President Hu Jintao, did not visit India during his world tour. All this has been part of the Chinese policy of refusing to accept any kind of parity with India.

That the visiting Chinese minister skipped paying homage at the 'Amar Jawan Jyoti' was to be expected. But his giving a Rs 50,000 'tip' to the Indian Air force pilots who flew him from Mumbai to Delhi was extraordinary. If deliberate, then it was a calculated insult to the Indian Armed Forces. The possible explanation could be that the Chinese side possibly bungled up on carrying mementos and this was a spur of the moment improvisation. In either case it must have left a very bad taste for Indians. There were no expectations on a breakthrough on border dispute and the usual noises were made about military to military contacts etc.

History may offer some guidance to understanding the motives of the Chinese. In 1956, the then premier of China Chou En Lie visited India with a huge delegation. India honoured him by asking him to take a salute at the passing out parade at the National Defence Academy. The delegation was shown round ammunition factories, visited field units and my battalion actually gave an attack demonstration in Narayangarh field firing ranges near Ambala. When the Chinese attacked in 1962 my battalion faced them at the Namka Chu River. In retrospect it appears that the Chinese carefully assessed the Indian military potential and drew their own conclusions.

More information has now become available in the public domain regarding the motivation/circumstances of the Chinese attack in 1962. China was reeling under artificial famine due to the 'Great Leap Forward' policy of Mao. According to one estimate close to 13 million Chinese died in that famine. Mao's leadership was under threat. He found an easy scapegoat in militarily weak India. It seems that the crisis in China Sea over islands of Senkaku (and Beijing calls the Diaoyu) with Japan is reaching a flash point. This comes on the back of American declaration of making Asia-Pacific a 'pivot' of its naval power. China may well have come to New Delhi to assess Indian views on the crisis and warn India to adopt hands off approach.

Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses researcher R S Kalha has quoted (IDSA Comment September 11, 2012) an interesting incident from the past. On May 16, 1959, the Chinese ambassador delivered a message that faced with US threats over Taiwan, China is not going to open a new front to the West. This message was in the context of the clashes that had taken place in Ladakh. Faced with a crisis situation in China Sea, the Chinese defence minister may well have sought Indian understanding and peace on the border.

The Chinese defence minister may well have also come to request the Indian government to play down the observance of 50th anniversary of the Sino-Indian border war. In this he must have found a sympathetic New Delhi since the present rulers who deify Jawaharlal Nehru would rather forget the 1962 war that showed Nehru in poor light. Chinese exasperation with Indian media is well known.

Chinese are shrewd observers of the Indian political scene. Indian Defence Minister A K Antony's cautious approach to alliance with the US is well known. The Chinese may well be signalling that India need not go into the US camp. This becomes a distinct possibility since post 2014 withdrawal from Afghanistan, the American and Indian interests are likely to be even more closely aligned.

This author had experienced the Chinese obsession with Indo-US ties first hand in Jan 2005. On a visit to Hong Kong/Macau and interaction with middle level Chinese functionaries, the constant refrain was to ask about Indo-US relations. Three years later, in July 2008, an American student working on her PhD in the top Chinese university (Tisnghua) landed in Pune to meet me. Again the topic of discussion was Indo-US military relations.

These personal anecdotes were mentioned only to drive home the point that even before the Indo-US nuclear deal, China was obsessed with Indo-US relations. Possibly it is because the Chinese leadership is well aware of the benefits they got being US allies since 1972. Now they fear India may well take their place. 

It seems that China may well soften its stand vis a vis India in return for India not going whole hog into the US camp. On the other hand the Indian prime minister has been reported to have commented that the Chinese aim is to keep India in a 'state of low equilibrium'. The PM seems to have summed up the Chinese approach brilliantly in one sentence. But the million dollar question is how does India get out of this 'low equilibrium' trap?

As an aside, it is time to lay to rest another mystery -- the 'Henderson Brooks Report'. It is true that this has still not been declassified. But this report was in the possession of this author and was used fully to write the official history of the war. This history is available on the internet. The only condition the ministry put was that the references to the report are omitted from the manuscript. In fact the official history has made full use of the Henderson Brooks report and much more in completing the task.

Colonel (retd) Anil Athale is former joint director, ministry of defence history division and co-author of the official history of 1962 Sino-Indian border conflict.

Courtesy: Rediffnews.com, September 17, 2012

India-China: Can the humiliation of 1962 repeat itself?


By B Raman


Can the history of our humiliation at the hands of China in 1962 repeat itself? Security expert B Raman wonders

As we approach the 50th anniversary of the humiliation next month, we have to analyse this question in depth in our governmental national security community as well as outside.

It is important for the National Security Council Secretariat to organise a series of brainstorming on this subject with the participation of experts on China from the government and outside.

The starting-point of such a brainstorming has to be a presumption that the present efforts to solve our border dispute with China through talks may not succeed and that we may be confronted with a fresh military confrontation in the future.

Should such a confrontation arise, are we better prepared to face it today than we were in 1962? If not, what are the deficiencies still existing and how to remove them?

It is important for us to objectively identify the factors that led to the 1962 humiliation and examine to what extent they have been removed. It is also important to foresee what kind of new factors not seen in 1962 could arise and what implications they could have for our capabilities.

It is my view that our ability to prevent another humiliation in future would depend upon our trans-Himalayan military strategy and capability as it did in 1962. The roles of the Army and the Air Force in such a strategy will be pre-eminent. The role of the Navy will be marginal.

It will be our trans-Himalayan strategic mindset and tactical thinking that will determine the future course of any new military confrontation with China as it did in 1962.

I would identify the following as the basic causes of our humiliation of 1962:

(a). Though our civilian and military intelligence agencies had a satisfactory capability for the collection of infrastructure intelligence from Tibet, their capability for the collection of war indicators from Tibet was very poor.

They detected in time the clandestine Chinese construction of roads such as the Aksai Chin road in the Western sector, but they missed the Chinese preparations for a military foray into our territory.

The Chinese attack on our positions must have been preceded by weeks, if not months, of preparations on the ground in Tibet. The war indicators caused by such preparations were missed by our intelligence agencies.

(b).Our capability for the analysis and assessment of China-related intelligence was inadequate. Even the limited intelligence flowing from Tibet from human and technical sources was not subjected to vigorous analysis and assessment.

Our knowledge and assessment of the Chinese military thinking and mindset were poor. We hardly knew anything about the India expertise in the PLA and the Chinese intelligence.

As a result, we seriously underestimated the Chinese political and military will to assert their ground interests across the Himalayas and over-assessed and over-projected our capability to anticipate and neutralise any Chinese assertion of their will.

(c). Inadequate professionalism in our armed forces and their inability to foresee different scenarios that could arise and identify the available options. This lack of professionalism was seen right across the board --from the failure to procure the military stores that would be required for a trans-Himalayan war to readapting the training of our officers.

The army went into war with very little training and experience in mountain warfare and with very few equipment for such a warfare.

(d). The inexperience of our political leadership in military-related decision-making and in enforcing the implementation of the decisions taken.

My assessment of the present position regarding these factors is as follows:

(a).Our intelligence collection capability in Tibet has improved. Our intelligence agencies are unlikely to miss war indicators in Tibet as badly as they did in 1962.

(b). Our analysis and assessment capability has improved over what it was in 1962, but continues to be inadequate. The Chinese language capability of our national security community is worse than what it was in 1962 and in the years immediately thereafter. Our ability to understand and analyse the Chinese military mind-set and thinking continues to be poor.

Whatever capability we have built up in this regard has been largely influenced by Western thinking and analysis without an independent application of our mind.

Our analysis and assessment infrastructure in respect of China-related intelligence lags behind our analysis and assessment infrastructure in respect of Pakistan-related intelligence.

We can anticipate, analyse and counter Pakistan better than we can China. There are wild swings in our assessments on China --from alarmism on the one side to total complacency on the other.

(c).The professionalism of our Armed Forces has improved. They are better equipped, better trained and better led for a trans-Himalayan warfare today. But, there is a lack of convergence of thinking between the Army and the Air Force on the one side and the Navy on the other as to what China implies for our national security and armed forces.

There is inadequate integrated joint staff thinking in the armed forces as a whole on China. There is a newly-acquired fascination for naval power and an inadequate appreciation of the continuing importance of military (army related) and air power.

(d). The understanding of our political class in matters relating to strategic decision-making on China is inadequate though it is better than what it was in 1962 and the years before.

There is a clear understanding in our political class of China as a political and economic competitor, but inadequate comprehension of China as a military factor.

Two new factors that have made their appearance since 1962 have not received adequate attention in our national security community:

(a). The Chinese search for alternate means of taking India by surprise. In 1962, they took us by surprise because our intelligence agencies had little capability for collecting war indictors from the ground in Tibet. The Chinese no longer enjoy this advantage.

The increasing Chinese emphasis on the role of the helicopter-borne operations of their Army has to be seen in the context of their search for new means of taking India by surprise -- particularly in Arunachal Pradesh.

The equipping and training of the copter wing of their Army is receiving increasing attention with some major exercises already noticed.

(b). The Chinese testing and fine-tuning of integrated techniques of an Army-Air Force role in defending Tibet from external threats and in asserting their will trans Himalayas. There has been an increase in the number of Air Force exercises in Tibet.

Not adequate knowledge of Chinese Air Force exercises in Yunnan is available, but my surmise is that in any future military confrontation with India, the Chinese will use their Air Force defensively from Tibet and offensively from Yunnan.

In 1962, the entire North Myanmar was a political, administrative and military vacuum. The Myanmar government presence has since improved in the Rakhine (old Arakan) and Chin areas bordering Bangladesh, but remains the same in the Kachin State bordering Yunnan.

The Kachin State and Yunnan are very important in any trans-Himalayan military strategy. We continue to neglect these two important regions from the point of view of our intelligence coverage as we were doing before 1962.

The Kachin State is important for defending our North East in any new confrontation with China. The Rakhine State is important for our Indian Ocean objectives and our energy security.

I do not consider it necessary to touch upon the nuclear aspect in this analysis. It has to be discussed in camera.

Courtesy: Rediffnews.com, September 17, 2012

Sep 24, 2012

US soldiers on the ground in Nepal


By Arun Shrivastava

Early this week, sixty-five American soldiers landed in Kathmandu and moved to Dhikurpokhari of Kaski district of Nepal. They are also travelling in Manang and Mustang districts bordering China’s Tibet region. Israelis hold the highest Passover Seder festival each year on 9 April in Manang! Ostensibly the soldiers are on a “humanitarian mission” of assessing the quality of healthcare services available to the local people. They have been meeting health workers and holding talks with NGOs working in these parts. This job could have been better accomplished by a team of public health experts in civilian dress.  

In reality, it looks like an advance reconnaissance party to evaluate the nature of the local terrain and assess possible local cooperation to overcome logistical bottlenecks in the event of Nepal’s occupation. Nepalese Army’s Lt. Gen. Nepal Bhushan Chand is coordinating with American soldiers; again the coordination could have been better with local public health experts who are more knowledgeable in these matters. Effectively, this ‘humanitarian mission’ appears to be strictly an army matter and it stinks.

US soldiers have never ever entered a sovereign country on humanitarian mission anywhere in the world, except in a limited way during the Second World War and that too in Europe. In every third world country, US Government’s ‘humanitarian mission’ has been a cover to eliminate popular leaders and/or incite civil wars.

Since there is no leader in Nepal either popular or opposed to Western domination or both, that can’t be a reason for the humanitarian mission of US soldiers. On the other hand, the undercurrent of simmering ethnic strife stoked by well funded INGOs and NGOs, USAID, FORD Foundation, Asia Foundation, George Soros’ Human Rights groups and the UN Framework Team could be used as an opportunity to grab strategic territory close to China. The construction of a lily pad in Gorkha district, of no use to the local civilian population, is a strong indication that the US Government is planning an extremely risky surgery in the Himalayan heart.

Nepalese NGOs, people and politicians should note that Russia has expelled USAID for their nefarious activities, including interference in Russia’s electoral process. [1]

Intelligence reports from North Korea confirm that US boots are also on ground there, with the connivance of Kim Jong-un’s sister and brother-in-law who want North Korea to become another star in the spangled banner. Equaling or surpassing the Korean pecuniary motives are the over ambitious India-educated Prime Minister Bhattarai and his cohort, well known to the Nepalese people. A leading Kathmandu daily, responding to Bhattarai’s helpless ‘power is not in my hand’, aptly asked “So, where is the power centre?” Valid question. Since Bhattarai doesn’t know where his power stems from, who allowed US soldiers on Nepalese soil is a moot question. If the Prime Minister approved it, then Nepal has a huge problem as it amounts to surrender of national sovereignty.  

State of Nepal’s political institutions and politicians
At this juncture, Nepal is governed under the 2007 Interim Constitution; the mandated tenure of the Constituent Assembly [CA] expired on 27 May 2012. The mandate to the Prime Minister stands on pretty shaky ground, yet, he somehow managed to represent Nepal in the recently concluded Non-Aligned Movement [NAM] summit in Teheran. He was accompanied by twenty persons without the people’s mandate. During preparations in Kathmandu, the ambassadors of Israel, US and UK made several visits to the Foreign Ministry to dissuade the troupe not to go to Teheran because ‘it’d send a wrong signal that Nepal supports a terrorist state.’ Did any senior leader give a press statement that Iran is not a terrorist state? I can’t recall even one senior politician stating that Nepal is a sovereign state and at full liberty to enter into any relationship with any country, including Iran. [2]

On the contrary, while leaders have been asserting that Nepal is a buffer state between China and India, during the past two decades these very politicians, willingly or unwillingly, have allowed infamous international institutions with a known history of covertly engineering civil wars in third world countries, to expand their activities in Nepal, which threaten peace and stability in border areas of China and India. Worse, the situation they have created will make life miserable for the Nepalese people and for the ethnic minorities in some of the most sensitive regions.

Learning from history
After the untimely demise of King Mahendra Bir Bikram Shahdev in 1972, not one Nepali leader, including the well meaning late King Birendra, has shown the perspicacity of steadfastly remaining neutral in regional power politics panning out now under the Project for the New American Century [PNAC]. If King Birendra had his father’s insight into the subtle manipulations of the western powers, he would not have allowed Kathmandu to become the south Asian operational base of fifth columnist INGOs and NGO and all the Trojan horses of rogue international developmental agencies. It was King Mahendra who had a consistent policy of keeping Nepal as a buffer state between China and India, leaning towards China, and keeping western powers’ illicit and perverted designs at bay.

Recall that the moment King Mahendra found out that the then Prime Minister B.P. Koirala had secured arms from Israel to overthrow the monarchy, he ordered his arrest and imprisoned him for treason. His advisors were astute analysts and nationalists. They knew how the British and CIA had engineered the murder of democracy and the violent overthrow of Mossadeq of Iran in 1953 to install a brutal despot, the ‘Shah’ as King of Iran. They also knew that Americans had a hand in democratically elected Pakistani Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan’s assassination to install a military dictator five years later [Ayub Khan] as an agent of chaos in south and west Asia. Throughout the 1950s and 60s, one after another, democratically elected popular leaders were removed or murdered by the same western powers whose soldiers are on ground in Nepal today. The current Nepali leadership is complicit in defiling God’s own divine soil.

Delve into the history of Indonesia where popular leader Sukarno was removed and a brutal dictatorship of Suharto installed. Both USAID and FORD Foundation played pernicious roles and Mrs. Ann Dunham Soetoro (mother of US President Barak Hussain Obama whose real name is Barry Soetoro and has travelled to south Asia [Pakistan] on an Indonesian passport with his mother) worked as an anthropologist for the CIA and handed over a complete list of every ethnic group that had even remotest communist leaning. Ann Dunham, according to Wayne Madsen’s sources, was perhaps responsible for a quarter million to one million Indonesians slaughtered by Suharto in league with the CIA. [3]

Complete list of every ethnic group in Nepal by number of households, population, residence, social structure, economic activity, and religious and political affiliations are known to CIA, MI6, and MOSSAD. That list was prepared by the Christian Church under Joshua Project and that list is in the public domain. Similar lists have been prepared for Burma, northeastern region of India, Pakistan and Afghanistan. The Scientific Committee of the Vatican, despite opposition of many Archbishops, approved the use of Genetically Engineered Seeds on 17 May 2009, and USAID and MONSANTO have already announced in league with stupid Nepalese Agricultural scientists to promote GM seeds; this will decimate Nepalese population within two generations. [4] Contrary to media reports, the US and NATO forces are unlikely to leave Afghanistan and the US will further intensify Drone attacks on Pakistani people. 

Nepalese people should further note that Islamic Relief Worldwide [IRW] working in Nepal is under heavy scanner in India for funding Islamic terrorist activities in south Asia. There are hard evidences that the European Community headquartered in Brussels directly funds their activities in south Asia controlled from Dacca. [5] This organization also gets Wahhabi funds from Saudi Arabia whose rulers are closely allied with the Israeli Government. This network coordinates with the Chabad Lubavitchers and Tibetan refugee centres in Kathmandu and funds hard drug production and distribution via Nepal, which Nepalese authorities can’t control. [6]   

Nepalese people should watch every move of foreign agencies and that of their politicians carefully. They can’t be trusted exactly as the leaders thousand mile west-south of Kathmandu can’t be trusted by 1.2 billion Indians. Sitting silently in the hope that the current crop of leaders or the ethnic federalists NGOs will provide them with stable and democratic Government is tantamount to national suicide. Trusting European and American institutions to help them would be even more foolish.  

Endnotes:
Majority of third world citizens don’t realize that USAID is a division of the US-Department of Defense and serves the expansionary imperialist agenda of the US Government and their cohorts in West Europe, especially UK.  

[2] I don’t have access to all the Nepali dailies. If any leader has responded to the three ambassadors’ interference in Nepal’s sovereign right to decide its foreign policy, then I apologize and stand corrected.

[3] Wayne Madsen; “The Manufacturing of a President”-How the CIA ‘inserted’ Barak Hussain Obama into the White House; Lulu Publication; 2012
Wayne Madsen is a former US Naval intelligence officer and well known investigative journalist. He has extensive intelligence network in Asia and the canny ability to accurately predict events by connecting the dots.

[4]   Weaponization of the food system-Genetically engineered maize threatens Nepal and the Himalayan region; Centre for Research on Globalization; 2012.

A recent French study shows that rats fed GM foods develop cancers and vital organ failure. If Nepal’s agricultural scientists, with dollars rammed down their throats, think Nepalese people are laboratory rats and they can live with this scenario, then I have no further comments, except that Nepal will be completely depopulated in two generations and that will affect China and India and the entire Himalayan region too. Nepal’s Agricultural scientists can amass wealth but they have no right to kill people in three countries because of their stupidity. 

[5] Islamic Relief Worldwide is registered in Birmingham, UK. They are the conduit of European Community funding of social chaos and terrorism in south Asia. India’s Home Ministry has extensive documents tracking their nefarious activities. Nepal should ban their activities but, unfortunately, Nepal does not have a leader who has the anatomical feature called a spine.

[6] Political Crisis in Nepal; Centre for Research on Globalization; 2012

Arun Shrivastava is an accredited management consultant and highly experienced researcher and writer. Since 9/11, he has devoted much time to researching New World Order issues. He is South Asia correspondent of Salem-News of Oregon, USA and a regular contributor to Global Research. His email is: arun1951@gmail.com 

Courtesy: Vijayvaani.com, 24 Sep 2012

Sep 15, 2012

Nepal's democracy at risk: political analysts fear


Xinhua, in Global Times

Political analysts expressed serious concern on Saturday that Nepal's short multiparty democratic history is at risk after the political parties failed to draft a new constitution and complete peace process in time.

They voiced concern when the world is marking the International Day of Democracy on September 15 as declared by the United Nations General Assembly in 2007.

The theme for 2012 international day of democracy is Dialogue and Inclusiveness.

Padma Ratna Tuladhar, a democratic activist, said that political leaders are pressing democracy on the verge of crisis after they put power at the center of politics.

"It is now high time to write a new constitution and complete a peace process as the country is moving towards long transition period and deepening political turmoil," said Tuladhar who had participated in People's Uprising-II in Nepal in 2006 which had abolished monarchy after 21-day people's movement.

Political leaders' focus on how to rule the government and desire to remain in power has led to the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly (CA) on May 27 without giving a new constitution to the country, said Tuladhar.

Recalling the ongoing political unrest in Syria, Libya and Egypt, Tuladhar said the demand for democracy, equal participation, inclusiveness and right to freedom is the essential need of the 21st century, if not possible public of the concerned countries have now started demonstration and violence for democracy.

Despite difference among the political parties, there is still a ray of hope that our political parties will come together in common meeting point and unite to bring the country from uncertainty, Tuladhar said.

Muma Ram Khanal, a communist political analyst, said all communist leaders who have been portraying themselves as promoter of democratic system should currently forget their inter-party rift and focus on constitution writing.

International communities, especially neighboring China and India, are keenly looking at Nepal's latest political upheaval, so political parties should dare to show their statesmanship for safeguarding integrity and sovereignty of Nepal, Khanal suggested.

"As long as we went on giving room to say something to the international communities, Nepal is sure to face and witness direct and indirect political invasion from international front," Khanal warned.

Khanal said that dialogue and inclusive participation upheld by 2012 theme for international day of democracy could only help out in preservation of Nepal's democratic and multiparty system.

Daman Nath Dhungana, an independent political analyst, criticized that Nepal is currently being run by a caretaker government as all achievement gained after the election of CA in 2006 had collapsed with dissolution of CA on May 27.

The state is currently faced with constitutional vacuum which has posed threat to democracy and increased possibility of a rise of new political force which could or could not respect norms of democracy, Dhungana said.

Courtesy: Global Times, September 15, 2012

Chinese fighter jets manoeuvre close to Indian border

By

http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Chinese-fighter-jets-manoeuvre-close-to-Indian-border/articleshow/16403480.cms?

Sep 8, 2012

рд╢ाрди्рддि рд╕ुрд╡्рдпрд╡рд╕्рдеाрдХा рд▓ाрдЧि рдоाрдирд╡ीрдп рд╕ुрд░рдХ्рд╖ा


рд░рддीрди्рдж्рд░ рдЦрдд्рд░ी

рдмृрд╣рдд् рд╢ाрди्рддि рд╕рдо्рдЭौрддा рдЧрд░ेрд░ рд╢ाрди्рддि рдк्рд░рдХ्рд░िрдпाрдоा рдЕрдЧ्рд░рд╕рд░ рдиेрдкाрд▓рд▓े рдХрд╣िрд▓ेрд╕рдо्рдо рд╕ंрдХ्рд░рдордгрдХाрд▓рдмाрдЯ рдЧुрдЬ्рд░िрдиुрдкрд░्рдиे рд╣ो рднрди्рдиे рдХुрдиै рдЯुंрдЧो рдЫैрди । рд╕рдорд╕्рдпा рд╕рдоाрдзाрди рднрдПрд░ рд╢ाрди्рддि рд╕ुрд╡्рдпрд╡рд╕्рдеा рдХाрдпрдо рд╣ोрд▓ा рднрди्рдиुрднрди्рджा рдкрдиि рд╕рдорд╕्рдпा рдЭрди्рдЭрдиै рдЬрдЯिрд▓ рд╣ुँрджै рдЬाрдиुрд▓ाрдИ рд╢ुрдн рд▓рдХ्рд╖рдгрдХो рд░ूрдкрдоा рд▓िрди рд╕рдХिँрджैрди । рдПрдХ рдЖрдкрд╕рдоा рдЧाрд▓ी рдЧрд▓ोрдЬ рдЕрдиि рджोрд╖ाрд░ोрдкрдг рдЧрд░ेрд░ рдоाрдд्рд░ рд╕рдорд╕्рдпा рд╕рдордзाрди рд╣ुрди рд╕рдХ्рджैрди । рдиेрдкाрд▓рдХो рдоाрдирд╡ीрдп рд╕ुрд░рдХ्рд╖ाрд╕ँрдЧ рдЬोрдбिрдПрдХा рддрдоाрдо рд╡िрд╖рдп рдпрддि рдЬрдЯिрд▓ рд╣ुँрджै рдЧрдПрдХो рдЫ рдХि рд╕рд╣ी рддрд░िрдХाрд▓े рд╕рдордпрдоै рд╕рдо्рдмोрдзрди рд╣ुрди рд╕рдХेрди рднрдиे рдоुрд▓ुрдХ рдЕрд╕рдлрд▓ рд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░рдоा рдкрд░िрдгрдд рд╣ुрдиे рдЦрддрд░ा рдмрдв्рди рдеाрд▓ेрдХो рдЫ । рдЖрдордЬрдирддाрдоा рдХे рдн्рд░рдо рджेрдЦिрди्рдЫ рднрдиे рдпрд╕ो рд╡ा рдд्рдпрд╕ो рдЧрд░ेрд░ рд╕ंрд╡िрдзाрди рдЬाрд░ी рднрдпो рднрдиे рд╕рдмै рд╕рдорд╕्рдпा рд╕рдоाрдзाрди рднрдИ рд╣ाрд▓्рдЫ । рддрд░, рд╕ंрд╡िрдзाрди рдЬाрд░ी рд╣ँुрджैрдоा рд╕рдорд╕्рдпा рд╕рдоाрдзाрди рд╣ुрди्рдЫ рднрди्рди рд╕рдХिँрджैрди । рдПрдХ рдХिрд╕िрдорд▓े рднрди्рджा рдЕрд╣िрд▓ेрдХै рдкрд░िрд╕्рдеिрддिрдоा рд╕ंрд╡िрдзाрди рдЬाрд░ी рднрдпो рднрдиे рдЭрдиै рд╕рдорд╕्рдпा рдЪрд░्рдХेрд░ рдЬाрдиे рдЦрддрд░ा рдмрдвेрд░ рдЧрдПрдХो рдЫ । рддрд╕рд░्рде, рд╕ुрдЬрдмुрдЭрдХा рд╕ाрде рдЧрдо्рднीрд░ рднрдПрд░ рджेрд╢рдХो рд╕рдорд╕्рдпा рд╕рдоाрдзाрди рд╣ुрди рдЬрд░ुрд░ी рджेрдЦिрди рдЖрдПрдХो рдЫ । рдЖрдЬрдХो рдпुрдЧрдоा рдоाрдирд╡ीрдп рд╕ुрд░рдХ्рд╖ा рдПрдЙрдЯा рдЧрдо्рднीрд░ рд╡िрд╖рдпрдХा рд░ूрдкрдоा рджेрдЦाрдкрд░ेрдХो рдЫ । рдЖрдорд╣ाрд▓рддрдоा рдк्рд░рд╣рд░ी, рдк्рд░рд╢ाрд╕рди рддрдеा рд╕ेрдиाрдХो рднрд░рдоा рд╢ाрди्рддि рд╕ुрд░рдХ्рд╖ा рдХाрдпрдо рднрдИ рд╣ाрд▓्рдЫ рднрди्рдиे рд╡िрдЪाрд░рд▓े рдЬрд░ो рдЧाрдбेрдХो рд╣ुрди्рдЫ । рд╡ाрд╕्рддрд╡рдоा рдд्рдпो рдд рдоाрдирд╡ीрдп рд╕ुрд░рдХ्рд╖ाрдХो рдПрдЙрдЯा рдкाрдЯो рдоाрдд्рд░ рд╣ो । рдоाрдирд╡ीрдп рд╕ुрд░рдХ्рд╖ाрд▓ाрдИ рдмृрд╣рдд्рддрд░ рдвंрдЧрдмाрдЯ рд╣ेрд░्рджा рд╡िрднिрди्рди рдкрдХ्рд╖рд╣рд░ूрд▓े рдк्рд░рднाрд╡ рдкाрд░ेрдХो рд╣ुрди्рдЫ । рддी рдкрдХ्рд╖рд╣рд░ू рдПрдХ рдЖрдкрд╕рдоा рдЧाँрд╕िрдПрдХा рдкрдиि рд╣ुрди्рдЫрди् । рдд्рдпрд╕рд▓ाрдИ рд╡िрдЪाрд░ рдкु¥рдпाрдПрдХो рдЕрд╡рд╕्рдеाрдоा рдоाрдд्рд░ рд╢ाрди्рддिрдХो рдк्рд░рдд्рдпाрднूрддि рд╣ुрди рд╕рдХ्рдиे рд╡ाрддाрд╡рд░рдг рдмрди्рдЫ ।

рддी рд╕рдмै рдкрдХ्рд╖рд╣рд░ूрд▓ाрдИ рдиेрдкाрд▓рдХो рдкрд░िрдк्рд░ेрдХ्рд╖्рдпрдоा рд╣ेрд░्рдиे рд╣ो рднрдиे рд╕рдмैрдЬрд╕ो рдкрдХ्рд╖рд╣рд░ू рдиाрдЬुрдХ рд╣ाрд▓рддрдоै рднрдПрдХो рдкाрдЙँрдЫांै । рдд्рдпрд╕ рдЕрд╡рд╕्рдеाрдоा рдХрд╕рд░ी рд╢ाрди्рддि рд╕рдо्рднрд╡ рд╣ोрд▓ा рднрди्рдиे рдХुрд░ा рдЖрдлैंрдоा рдПрдЙрдЯा рдк्рд░рд╢्рдирдХो рд░ूрдкрдоा рджेрдЦाрдкрд░ेрдХो рдЫ । рдоाрдирд╡ीрдп рд╕ुрд░рдХ्рд╖рдХो рдкрд╣िрд▓ो рдкрдХ्рд╖ рднрдиेрдХो рдЖрд░्рдеिрдХ рд╕ुрд░рдХ्рд╖ा рд╣ो । рдиेрдкाрд▓рдХो рдЧрд░िрдмी рддрдеा рдмेрд░ोрдЬрдЧाрд░ीрдХो рд╕рдорд╕्рдпाрд▓ाрдИ рджृрд╖्рдЯिрдЧрдд рдЧрд░्рдиे рд╣ो рднрдиे рдпрд╕рдХो рдЪिрдд्рд░ рдиाрдЬुрдХ рд╣ाрд▓рддрдоा рднрдПрдХो рд╕्рдкрд╖्рдЯ рд╣ुрди्рдЫ । рдмрд╣ुрд╕ंрдЦ्рдпрдХ рдЬрдирддा рдиिрд░рдкेрдХ्рд╖ рдЧрд░िрдмीрдХो рд░ेрдЦाрдоुрдиि рд░рд╣ेрдХो рдЕрд╡рд╕्рдеाрдоा рдХрд╕рд░ी рдЖрд░्рдеिрдХ рд╕ुрд░рдХ्рд╖ाрдХो рд╕्рдеिрддि рдмрд▓िрдпो рд╣ुрди рд╕рдХ्рд▓ा ? рджेрд╢рдХो рдЕрдкाрд░ рдпुрд╡ा рдЬрдирд╢рдХ्рддि рд╡िрджेрд╢ рдкрд▓ाрдпрди рд╣ुрди рдкрд░ेрдХो рдЕрд╡рд╕्рдеाрдоा рджेрд╢рдХो рдЕрд░्рдеिрдХ рд╕्рдеिрддि рдХрд╕рд░ी рдмрд▓िрдпो рд╣ुрди рд╕рдХ्рдЫ ? рд╡िрдбрдо्рдмрдиा рдд्рдпрд╣ी рдмिрджेрд╕िрдПрдХा рдЬрдирд╢рдХ्рддिрдХो рд░ेрдоिрдЯ्рдпाрди्рд╕рд▓े рдиै рджेрд╢рдХो рдЕрд░्рдерддрди्рдд्рд░ рдзाрдиिрд░рд╣ेрдХो рдЫ । рдпрд╕рд▓े рдкрдиि рдЖрд░्рдеिрдХ рдЕрд╡рд╕्рдеा рдХрддि рдиाрдЬुрдХ рд╣ाрд▓рддрдоा рдЧुрдЬ्рд░िрд░рд╣ेрдХो рдЫ рднрди्рдиे рдХुрд░ा рд╕्рд╡рддः рд╕िрдж्рдз рд╣ुрди्рдЫ । рдаूрд▓ो рд╕ंрдЦ्рдпाрдоा рдмेрд░ोрдЬрдЧाрд░ рдЬрдирд╢рдХ्рддि рд╡िрджेрд╢рдоा рдЕрд▓्рдорд▓िрдПрдХो рдЫ, рдпрджि рд╕ो рдкрдиि рдирднрдИ рджिрдПрдХो рднрдП рдд्рдпो рдЬрдирд╢рдХ्рддि рдмрд░ोрдЬрдЧाрд░ीрдХै рд╣ाрд▓рддрдоा рдЕрд╣िрд▓्рдпрдХै рдЕрд╡рд╕्рдеाрдоा рд╕्рд╡рджेрд╢рдоा рд░рд╣рдиे рд╣ो рднрдиे рдЕрд╡рд╕्рдеा рдХे рд╣ुрдиे рдеिрдпो рд╣ोрд▓ा ? рд╕ो рдЬрдирд╢рдХ्рддिрдХो рджुрд░ुрдкрдпोрдЧ рд╣ुрди рд╕рдХ्рдиे рдк्рд░рдмрд▓ рд╕рдо्рднाрд╡рдиा рдЖрдл्рдиै рдаाрдЙँрдоा рдЫ । рдЬрд╕рдХो рдк्рд░рдд्рдпрдХ्рд╖ рдЕрд╕рд░ рдоुрд▓ुрдХрдХो рд╢ाрди्рддि рд╕ुрд░рдХ्рд╖ाрдоा рдиै рдкрд░्рдиे рдиिрд╢्рдЪिрдд рдеिрдпो । рдиेрдкाрд▓рдоा рд╡िрднिрди्рди рдХिрд╕िрдордХा рд░ाрдЬрдиीрддिрдХ рдЕрдн्рдпाрд╕ рднрдП рдкрдиि рдЖрд░्рдеिрдХ рд╡िрдХाрд╕рд▓ाрдИ рдЬोрдб рджिрдПрд░ рдХुрдиै рдкрдиि рд╕рдлрд▓ рдХाрд░्рдпрдХ्рд░рдо рдЖрдЙрди рдирд╕рдХ्рдиु рдиै рдЖрд░्рдеिрдХ рд╕ुрд░рдХ्рд╖ाрдХो рд╕्рдеिрддि рдиाрдЬुрдХ рд╣ुрдиुрдХो рдХाрд░рдХ рдд┼Трд╡ рд╣ो рднрдиेрд░ рднрди्рджा рдЕрдд्рдпुрдХ्рддि рд╣ुँрджैрди । рдЦाрдж्рдп рд╕ुрд░рдХ्рд╖ा рдоाрдирд╡ीрдп рд╕ुрд░рдХ्рд╖ाрдХो рдЕрд░्рдХो рдорд╣┼Трд╡рдкूрд░्рдг рдкрдХ्рд╖ рд╣ो । рджेрд╢рдоा рдЙрдд्рдкाрджिрдд рдЦाрдж्рдпाрди्рдирд▓े рдЖрд╡рд╢्рдпрдХрддा рдкूрд░ा рдЧрд░्рди рдирд╕рдХ्рдиे рдЕрд╡рд╕्рдеा рд░ рдоुрд▓ुрдХрдХो рдХрддिрдкрдп рд╕्рдеाрдирдоा рд╣ुрдиे рдЦाрдж्рдпाрди्рди рдЕрднाрд╡ рддрдеा рдЕрдиिрдХाрд▓ рдкрд░्рдиे рд╕्рдеिрддि рдЕрд╣िрд▓े рдкрдиि рд░рд╣िрд░рд╣рдиुрд▓े рд╕ुрд░рдХ्рд╖ा рдЪुрдиौрддी рдмрдвाрдЗрд░рд╣ेрдХो рдЫ । рдпрд╕рд▓ाрдИ рдиिрд░ाрдХрд░рдг рдЧрд░्рди рдаोрд╕ рдХрджрдо рдЪाрд▓िрдПрдХो рдХрддै рджेрдЦिँрджैрди । рдоुрд▓ुрдХрдоा рдЕрдж्рдпाрдкि рдХुрдкोрд╖рдг, рдЕрд╕्рд╡рд╕्рде рдЦाрдж्рдп рдкрджाрд░्рдерд╣рд░ूрдХो рдк्рд░рдпोрдЧ рд░ рд╡िрднिрди्рди рдХिрд╕िрдордХा рд╕्рд╡рд╕्рде्рдп рд╕рдорд╕्рдпाрд▓े рд╕рдордЧ्рд░ рдЬрдирддाрдХो рд╕्рд╡ाрд╕्рде्рдпрдоा рдЖँрдЪ рдкु¥рдпाрдЗрд░рд╣ेрдХो рдЫ । рд╡िрд╢्рд╡рдоा рд╣ेрд░्рдиे рд╣ो рднрдиे рдЬрд╣ाँ рднोрдХ рд░ рд░ोрдЧрдЧ्рд░рд╕्рдд рдЫ, рдд्рдпрд╣ीँ рдиै рд╡िрднिрди्рди рд╕рдорд╕्рдпा рднрдЗрд░рд╣ेрдХो рджेрдЦिрди्рдЫ । рддрд╕рд░्рде, рдпрд╕ рд╡िрд╖рдпрд▓ाрдИ рдорд╣┼Трд╡рд╕ाрде рджिрдПрдХै рд╣ुрдиुрдкрд░्рдЫ । рддрд░, рдпрд╕рд╡िрдкрд░ीрдд рдиेрдкाрд▓рдХो рдкрд░िрдкे्рд░рдХ्рд╖्рдпрдоा рд╣ेрд░्рджा рдЕрдЭै рдкрдиि рдпрд╕рд╕рдо्рдмрди्рдзी рд╕рдорд╕्рдпा рдЬ्рдпूँрдХा рдд्рдпूँ рд░рд╣ेрдХो рд╣ाрдоीрд▓े рдкाрдЙँрдЫौं । рдФрд╖рдзि рдЙрдкрдЪाрд░рдоा рднрдПрдХो рд╡्рдпाрд╡рд╕ाрдпिрдХीрдХрд░рдгрд▓े рдЖрдо рд╡्рдпрдХ्рддिрд▓ाрдИ рдЙрдкрдЪाрд░ рдЦрд░्рдЪ рдзाрди्рдиे рдоुрд╕्рдХिрд▓ рдкрд░्рдиे рдЕрд╡рд╕्рдеा рдЖрдЗрд╕рдХेрдХो рдЫ । рдпрд╕ рд╡िрд╖рдпрдоा рд╕рдордпрдоा рдиै рдХेрд╣ी рдирдЧрд░्рдиे рд╣ो рднрдиे рдпो рд╕рдорд╕्рдпा рдЕрдЭै рдмрдв्рджै рдЬाрдиे рдмрд▓िрдпो рд╕рдо्рднाрд╡рдиा рджेрдЦिрдПрдХो рдЫ । рдоाрдирд╡ीрдп рд╕ुрд░рдХ्рд╖ाрдХो рдЕрд░्рдХो рдкрдХ्рд╖ рд╡ाрддाрд╡рд░рдгीрдп рд╕рдорд╕्рдпा рд╣ो ।

рд╡िрд╢्рд╡рдоा рджेрдЦाрдкрд░ेрдХो рдЬрд▓рд╡ाрдпु рдкрд░िрд╡рд░्рддрдирдХो рдЕрд╕рд░ рдиेрдкाрд▓рдоा рдкрдиि рджेрдЦा рдкрд░िрд╕рдХेрдХो рдЫ । рдЬुрди рд╡िрд╖рдпрд▓ाрдИ рдЕрди्рддрд░्рд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░िрдп рдкрдХ्рд╖рд▓े рдЪुрдиौрддीрдХो рд░ूрдкрдоा рдФрд▓्рдпाрдПрдХा рдкрдиि рдЫрди् । рддрд░, рд╣ाрдоीрд▓े рдпрд╕рдмाрд░े рдаोрд╕ рдХुрдиै рдХрджрдо рдЪाрд▓्рди рд╕рдХेрдХा рдЫैрдиौं । рдд्рдпрд╕рдХो рдаीрдХрд╡िрдкрд░ीрдд рд░ाрдЬрдиीрддिрдХ рдЕрд╕्рдеिрд░рддाрдХो рдлाрдЗрджा рдЙрдаाрдПрд░ рд╡рди рд╡िрдиाрд╢ рддрдеा рдк्рд░рдХृрддिрдХ рд╕рдо्рдкрджाрд╣рд░ूрдХो рд╡िрдиाрд╢ рдЧрд░्рдиे рдХाрдорд▓ाрдИ рдмрдвाрд╡ा рджिрдЗрд░рд╣ेрдХा рдЫौं । рдпрд╣ी рдХ्рд░рдо рдмрдв्рджै рдЬाрдиे рд╣ो рднрдиे рднрдиे рднрд╡िрд╖्рдпрдоा рд╕рдорд╕्рдпा рд╡िрдХрд░ाрд▓ рднрдПрд░ рдеेрдЧ्рдиै рдирд╕рдХ्рдиे рдЕрд╡рд╕्рдеा рдЖрдЙрдиे рдмрд▓िрдпो рд╕рдо्рднाрд╡рдиा рджेрдЦाрдкрд░ेрдХो рдЫ । рдпрд╕ рдЕрддिрд░рдХ्рддि рдиेрдкाрд▓ рдк्рд░рдХृрддिрдХ рдк्рд░рдХोрдкрдХो рджृрд╖्рдЯिрдХोрдгрд▓े рдкрдиि рдЕрдЧ्рд░рдкंрдХ्рддिрдоा рд░рд╣ेрдХो рд╡िрд╢ेрд╖рдЬ्рдЮрд╣рд░ूрдХो рднрдиाрдЗ рд░рд╣ेрдХो рдЫ । рдк्рд░ाрдХृрддिрдХ рдк्рд░рдХोрдкрдХो рдЕрд╕рд░ рд╣ाрдоी рдЬрд╕्рддै рдоुрд▓ुрдХрд╣рд░ूрдоा рдиै рдмрдвी рднрдПрдХो рдЙрджाрд╣рд░рдг рдк्рд░рд╢рд╕्рдд рдЫрди् । рд░ाрдЬрдиीрддिрдХ рдж्рд╡рди्рдж्рд╡рдмाрдЯ рдЧुрдЬ्рд░िрд░рд╣ेрдХो рдЕрд╡рд╕्рдеाрдоा рдк्рд░рдХृрддिрдХ рд╡िрдкрдд् рд╕ाрдордиा рдЧрд░्рди рдк¥рдпो рднрдиे рдХ्рд╖рддि рдЖрдкेрдХ्рд╖ाрдХृрдд рдмрдвी рд╣ुрди рдЬाрдиे рдХुрд░ाрдХो рдкाрда рдХ्рдпाрд░рдмिрдпрди рд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░ рд╣ैрдЯीрдмाрдЯ рд▓िрди рд╕рдХे рдоाрдд्рд░ рдкрдиि рд╣ाрдоीрд▓े рдХेрд╣ी рд╣рджрд╕рдо्рдо рдпрд╕ рд╕ुрд░рдХ्рд╖ा рдЪुрдиौрддीрдХो рдЕрд╕рд░ рдХрдо рдЧрд░ाрдЙрди рд╕рдХ्рдиे рдЕрд╡рд╕्рде рд░рд╣рди्рде्рдпो । рд╡्рдпрдХ्рддिрдЧрдд рд╕ुрд░рдХ्рд╖ा рдоाрдирд╡ीрдп рд╕ुрд░рдХ्рд╖ाрдХो рдПрдЙрдЯा рдорд╣┼Трд╡рдкूрд░्рдг рдкрдХ्рд╖ рд╣ो । рдоुрд▓ुрдХрдоा рд╡िрдЧрдд рдХेрд╣ी рджрд╢рдХрджेрдЦि рдмрдв्рджै рдЧрдПрдХो рд╣िंрд╕ाрдд्рдордХ рдЧрддिрд╡िрдзिрд▓े рд╡्рдпрдХ्рддिрд╣рд░ूрдХो рд╕ुрд░рдХ्рд╖ाрдоा рдаूрд▓ो рдк्рд░рднाрд╡ рдкाрд░ेрдХो рдЫ । рд╣рдд्рдпा, рд╣िंрд╕ा, рдмрд▓ाрдд्рдХाрд░, рдЕрдкрд╣рд░рдгрдЬрд╕्рддा рдШрдЯрдиा рдмрдв्рджै рдЬाрдиुрд▓े рд╕ुрд░рдХ्рд╖ा рд╕्рдеिрддिрд▓ाрдИ рдЪिрди्рддाрдЬрдирдХ рдмрдиाрдЙँрджै рд▓рдЧेрдХो рдЫ । рдпрд╕рдХो рдк्рд░рдоुрдЦ рдХाрд░рдг рд░ाрдЬрдиीрддिрдХ рд╕ंрд░рдХ्рд╖рдХрдд्рд╡рдоा рд╣ुрдиे рдЖрдкрд░ाрдзिрдХ рдХ्рд░िрдпाрдХрд▓ाрдкрд▓ाрдИ рд▓िрди рд╕рдХिрди्рдЫ । рдоुрд▓ुрдХрдоा рджрдг्рдбрд╣ीрдирддा рдмрдв्рдиुрдХा рдкрдЫाрдбि рдкрдиि рдпрд╣ी рдХाрд░рдгрд▓े рдорд╣┼Трд╡рдкूрд░्рдг рднूрдоिрдХा рдЦेрд▓ेрдХो рджेрдЦिрди्рдЫ । рдпрд╕рд▓ाрдИ рдиिрд░ुрдд्рд╕ाрд╣िрдд рдкाрд░्рдиे рдк्рд░рдпाрд╕ рдЦाрд╕ै рднрдПрдХो рджेрдЦिрди्рди । рдд्рдпрд╕ рдЕрд╡рд╕्рдеाрдоा рд╢ाрди्рддिрдХो рдкрд░िрдХрд▓्рдкрдиा рдХрд╕рд░ी рдЧрд░्рди рд╕рдХिрди्рдЫ ? рдЬрдм рдЕрдкрд░ाрдз рд░ рдЕрдкрд░ाрдзीрд╕рдордХ्рд╖ рдк्рд░рд╣рд░ी рдк्рд░рд╢ाрд╕рди рд▓ाрдЪाрд░ рдмрди्рдиुрдкрд░्рдиे рдЕрд╡рд╕्рдеा рдЖрдЙँрдЫ рддрдм рд╢ाрди्рддि рд╕ुрд╡्рдпрд╡рд╕्рдеा рд╕्рд╡рддः рдУрдЭेрд▓рдоा рдкрд░्рди рдЬाрди्рдЫ ।

рдоाрдирд╡ीрдп рд╕ुрд░рдХ्рд╖ाрдХो рдПрдЙрдЯा рдкрдХ्рд╖ рдЬुрди рд╡рд░्рддрдоाрди рдиेрдкाрд▓рдХो рд╕рди्рджрд░्рднрдоा рдЬ्рдпाрджै рдиै рдорд╣┼Трд╡рдкूрд░्рдг рдкрдХ्рд╖рдХो рд░ूрдкрдоा рджेрдЦाрдкрд░ेрдХो рдЫ, рдд्рдпो рд╣ो рд╕рдоुрджाрдпрдХो рд╕ुрд░рдХ्рд╖ा । рдиेрдкाрд▓рд▓े рдмрд╣ुрдЬाрддि, рдмрд╣ुрд╕ंрд╕्рдХृрддि, рдмрд╣ुрднाрд╖ा рднрдПрдХो рдзрдиी рдоुрд▓ुрдХрдХो рд░ूрдкрдоा рдкрд░िрдЪрдп рдмрдиाрдЙँрджै рдЖрдПрдХो рдеिрдпोे । рд╣िрди्рджू рд░ाрдЬ्рдп рд╣ुँрджा рдкрдиि рдзाрд░्рдоिрдХ рд╕рд╣िрд╖्рдгुрддाрдХो рдЕрдиुрдкрдо рдЙрджाрд╣рд░рдгрдХो рд░ूрдкрдоा рд░рд╣िрдЖрдПрдХो рдоुрд▓ुрдХ рдеिрдпो, рдиेрдкाрд▓ । рддрд░, рдЕрд╣िрд▓े рдЖрдПрд░ рдХाрдиुрдиी рд░ूрдкрдоा рдиै рдпी рд╕рдмै рд╡िрд╖рдпрдоा рд╕рдоाрдирддाрдХो рдк्рд░рдд्рдпाрднूрддि рдЧрд░िрдПрдХो рднрдиे рдкрдиि рдкрдЫि рдПрдХाрдПрдХ рдпрд╕ рд╡िрд╖рдп рдХिрди рдЬрдЯिрд▓ рдмрди्рджै рдЧрдпो рднрди्рдиे рдХुрд░ा рдЪाрд╕ोрдХो рд╡िрд╖рдп рдмрди्рди рдЧрдПрдХो рдЫ । рд╕ाрдоाрдЬिрдХ рд╕рд╣िрд╖्рдгुрддाрдХो рд▓ाрдЧि рдЖрдкрд╕ी рдРрдХ्рдпрдмрдж्рдзрддा рдХुрдиै рдкрдиि рдоुрд▓ुрдХрдХा рд▓ाрдЧि рдЕрддि рдЖрд╡рд╢्рдпрдХीрдп рд╡िрд╖рдп рд╣ो । рдпрд╕рдоा рдЦрд▓рд▓ рдкुрдЧ्рдпो рднрдиे рдирддिрдЬा рдЕрдд्рдпрди्рддै рдк्рд░рдд्рдпुрдд्рдкाрджрдХ рд╣ुрдиुрдХो рд╕ाрдеै рд╡िрдХрд░ाрд▓ рд╕рдорд╕्рдпाрдХो рдХाрд░рдХрдд┼Трд╡ рдмрди्рди рдЬाрдиे рдХुрд░ाрд▓ाрдИ рд╕рдмैрд▓े рдмुрдЭ्рди рдЬрд░ुрд░ी рдЫ । рдпрд╕ рд╡िрд╖рдпрдоा рд╕ाрдоाрдЬिрдХ рд╕рдоुрджाрдпрдХो рдк्рд░рддिрдиिрдзिрдд्рд╡ рдЧрд░्рдиे рдЕрдЧुрд╡ाрд╣рд░ूрд▓े рдд рд╕ंрд╡ेрджрдирд╢ीрд▓ рд╣ुрдиु рдиै рдкрд░्рджрдЫ । рдд्рдпोрднрди्рджा рдкрдиि рдмрдвी рд░ाрдЬрдиीрддिрдХ рдиेрддृрдд्рд╡рд▓े рдЕрдЭै рдЧрдо्рднीрд░ рд╣ुрди рдЕрдд्рдпрди्рддै рдЬрд░ुрд░ी рдЫ । рдЖрдл्рдиो рдХ्рд╖рдгिрдХ рд░ाрдЬрдиीрддिрдХ рд╕्рд╡ाрд░्рдерд▓ाрдИ рдд्рдпाрдЧेрд░ рдоुрд▓ुрдХрдХो рдмृрд╣рдд्рддрд░ рд╕्рд╡ाрд░्рдердоा рд▓ाрдЧ्рдиे рд░ाрдЬрдиीрддिрдХ рдиेрддृрдд्рд╡рдХो рдХрдоी рднрдПрд░ рдкрдиि рдпो рд╕рдорд╕्рдпा рдмрдв्рди рдЧрдПрдХो рд╣ो । рд╣ाрд▓ рдоुрд▓ुрдХрдоा рдоाрдирд╡ीрдп рд╕ुрд░рдХ्рд╖ाрдХो рдк्рд░рдд्рдпाрднूрддि рд╣ुрди рдирд╕рдХ्рдиुрдоा рд░ाрдЬрдиीрддिрдХ рд╕ुрд░рдХ्рд╖ाрд▓े рдк्рд░рдоुрдЦ рд╕्рдеाрди рдУрдЧрдЯेрдХो рдЫ ।рд░ाрдЬрдиीрддिрдХ рдЕрд╕्рдеिрд░рддा рд░рд╣ुрди्рдЬेрд▓ рдХुрдиै рдкрдиि рд╕рдорд╕्рдпा рд╕рдоाрдзाрди рд╣ुрди рдЧाрд╣्рд░ो рдкрд░्рдЫ । рд░ाрдЬрдиीрддिрдХ рд╕рдорд╕्рдпा рднрди्рдиाрд▓े рдЖрди्рддрд░िрдХ рд░ूрдкрдоा рд░ाрдЬрдиीрддिрдХ рдиै рд╣ुрди्рдЫ рднрдиे рдмाрд╣्рдп рд░ूрдкрдоा рдХूрдЯрдиीрддिрдХ рд╕ुрд░рдХ्рд╖ा рдкрдиि рдпрд╕ैрдХो рджाрдпрд░ाрднिрдд्рд░ рдкрд░्рди рдЖрдЙँрдЫ । рдЬрдм рд░ाрдЬрдиीрддिрдХ рд╕ुрд░рдХ्рд╖ा рдЖрди्рддрд░िрдХ рд░ूрдкрдоा рдХрдордЬोрд░ рд╣ुрди्рдЫ, рддрдм рдмाрд╣्рдп рдкрдХ्рд╖рд╣рд░ूрдХो рд╕्рд╡ाрд░्рде рдкрдиि рд╕ंрдЧрд╕ंрдЧै рдмрдв्рди рдеाрд▓्рдЫ । рдЦाрд╕рдЧрд░ी рд╣ाрдоी рдЬрд╕्рддो рд╡िрд╢ाрд▓ рдЫिрдоेрдХीрд╣рд░ूрдХा рдмीрдЪрдоा рдЪेрдкुрд╡ाрдоा рдкрд░ेрдХो рдоुрд▓ुрдХрд▓े рдпрд╕ рд╡िрд╖рдпрд▓ाрдИ рдмрдбो рд╕ंрд╡ेрджрдирд╢ीрд▓ рдвंрдЧрд▓े рд╣ेрд░्рди рдЬрд░ुрд░ी рд╣ुрди्рдЫ ।

рд░ाрдЬрдиीрддिрдоा рд╡िрдЪाрд░рдХो рдж्рд╡рди्рдж्рд╡ рд╣ुрдиु рдХुрдиै рдЕрд╕्рд╡ाрднाрд╡िрдХ рдХुрд░ा рд╣ोрдЗрди рддрд░ рдд्рдпрд╕рдХो рдиिрд╖्рдХрд░्рд╖ рдЬрд╣िрд▓े рдкрдиि рд╕рдХाрд░ाрдд्рдордХ рд╣ुрдиुрдкрд░्рдЫ рддрдм рдоाрдд्рд░ рдд्рдпो рдк्рд░рдЬाрддाрди्рдд्рд░िрдХ рдХрджрдо рдХрд╣рд▓ाрдЙрди рд╕рдХ्рдЫ । рдЖрдЬрдХो рдпुрдЧрдоा рдЕрдзिрдиाрдпрдХрд╡ाрджी рдиेрддृрдд्рд╡рд╡िрд░ुрдж्рдз рдк्рд░рдЬाрддाрди्рдд्рд░िрдХ рдиेрддृрдд्рд╡рдХो рдХुрд░ा рдЧрд░िрди्рдЫ । рддрд░, рдк्рд░рдЬाрддाрди्рдд्рд░िрдХ рдЦोрд▓ рдУрдбेрд░ рдЕрдзिрдиाрдпрдХрд╡ाрджी рдХрджрдо рдХрд╕ैрд▓े рдЙрдаाрдЙँрдЫ рднрдиे рдд्рдпो рдмрдвी рдк्рд░рдд्рдпुрдд्рдкाрджрдХ рд╣ुрдиेрдоा рджुрдИ рдордд рд╣ुрди рд╕рдХ्рджैрди । рд╕ाрдпрдж рдоुрд▓ुрдХ рдЖрдЬрдХो рдЕрд╡рд╕्рдеाрдоा рдЖрдЙрдиुрдоा рдпो рдкрдиि рдПрдЙрдЯा рдХाрд░рдг рд╣ो рднрдиेрд░ рднрди्рджा рдлрд░рдХ рдирдкрд░्рд▓ा । рдЕрди्рддрдоा, рдПрдХ рдкрдЯрдХ рд╣ाрдоीрд▓े рдиेрдкाрд▓рдХो рдкрд░िрдк्рд░ेрдХ्рд╖्рдпрдоा рдпी рдоाрдирд╡ीрдп рд╕ुрд░рдХ्рд╖ाрдХा рд╡िрд╡िрдз рдкрдХ्рд╖рд▓ाрдИ рджाँрдЬेрд░ рд╣े¥рдпौं рднрдиे рд╕рдмै рдкрдХ्рд╖рд╣рд░ू рдХрдордЬोрд░ рднрдПрдХो рдкाрдЙँрдЫौं । рдХрдордЬोрд░ рд╕ुрд░рдХ्рд╖ा рд╕्рдеिрддिрдоा рджिрдЧो рд╢ाрди्рддि рдХрд╕рд░ी рд╕рдо्рднрд╡ рд╣ोрд▓ा рдд ? рд╣ुрди рдд рдпी рд╕рдмै рдкрдХ्рд╖рд╣рд░ू рдЕрд╡िрдХрд╕िрдд рдоुрд▓ुрдХрдХो рд╡िрд╢ेрд╖рддाрдЭैं рджेрдЦाрдкрд░ेрдХो рдЫ । рдмुрдж्рдзिрдоाрдиीрд╣рд░ूрд▓े рдпрд╕рдмाрдЯ рдкाрд░ рдкाрдЙрди рднрд░рд╕рдХ рдХोрд╕िрд╕ рдЧрд░ेрд░ рд╕рдоृрдж्рдзिрдХो рдмाрдЯोрдоा рд▓ाрдЧेрдХा рдЫрди् рднрдиे рдЕрд╡िрд╡ेрдХрд╢ीрд▓рд▓े рд╣рда рд░ рдЕрд╣ंрдХाрд░рдоा рд░ुрдорд▓िँрджै рдЬрдирддा, рд╕рдордЧ्рд░ рдоुрд▓ुрдХрдХो рд╕ाрдеै рдЖрдлू рд╕्рд╡рдпंрд▓ाрдИ рд╕рдоेрдд рдбुрдмाрдПрдХा рдЫрди् ।

(рд▓ेрдЦрдХ рдиेрдкाрд▓ी рд╕ेрдиाрдХा рдкूрд░्рд╡ рдорд╣ाрд╕ेрдиाрдиी рд╣ुрди् ।)
рд╕ाрднाрд░ : рд░ाрдЬрдзाрдиी рджैрдиिрдХ